The Buses in Milton Keynes and the services they operate, have a varied history involving five different companies. At the foundation of the 'New City' in 1967 and for some years afterwards, Milton Keynes was served by a rural bus service between and to the pre-existing towns. Apart from a small-scale experimental service, urban buses arrived on the scene with deregulation, in 1986. Since April 2010, most services are provided by Arriva MK Star. Long-distance services also serve the city, often via the nearby Milton Keynes Coachway located near Junction 14 of the M1 Motorway.
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Urban services in Milton Keynes have been operated by several companies under a wide range of names since the city's creation in 1967. As of 2010, the current operator is Arriva Shires & Essex, who acquired independent MK Metro in 2006. The operation is branded as Arriva MK Star. Other companies including On A Mission Coaches and Grant Palmer also operate services entirely within the Milton Keynes urban area.
Bus services within Milton Keynes are complemented by a frequent train service between the major centres of Wolverton, Central Milton Keynes and Bletchley, operated by London Midland. A less frequent hourly train service also links Bletchley to Fenny Stratford, Bow Brickhill and Woburn Sands Monday-Saturday.
From 1967 until 1986, services between the major centres in Milton Keynes were run by United Counties Omnibus. Depots in Bletchley and Stony Stratford were used until 1983, when they were replaced by a new depot in the city centre. The services were operated with a mixture of double-decker buses and some large single-deck vehicles according to the historical rural bus service model. Although they were relatively frequent and ran for most of the day, buses could not easily serve new developments as the roads were not wide enough. When it was designed, the city had been intended for every household to own a car. Bus priority schemes did not exist, and stops were often sited away from population centres, although no house was more than 400 metres from a stop. New services were often poorly used in their early years as development in each area of the city built up over time, and such routes required significant subsidies. This was partially offset by the low running costs encountered when running on the trunk roads around the city.[1]
One area in which operations were successful was fares. A zonal system was operated with five single fares. A multi-journey ticket named Quad was offered, offering four single journeys of any length at a lower cost, and by the early 1980s was the most popular ticket in the city. Around 60% of tickets were sold off-bus. Subsidies for loss-making services were provided by Buckinghamshire County Council and Milton Keynes City Council. In its later years, the operation traded under the Citybus name. A new depot and bus station close to Milton Keynes Central railway station were built in 1983 at a combined cost of £6.5 million. However, the depot proved larger than required for the fleet, and the bus station was rarely used as it was not well sited for the city centre.[1]
In 1986 United Counties was split into smaller divisions in readiness for bus deregulation, and Milton Keynes depot formed a new company, Milton Keynes Citybus.
To deal with the impracticality of a conventional staged bus service in the low-density new districts, Milton Keynes Development Corporation decided in 1973 to adopt and adapt the American Dial-a-ride concept, initially in Woughton Parish. According to this system, users who needed transport could call a central dispatch office and have a nearby (radio-controlled) Mercedes-Benz mini-bus diverted to the caller's street. The service began in 1975.[2] Operation of the service was contracted to the incumbent operator, United Counties, which chose to operate it under its existing agreements with drivers. The service did not survive long.[3]
Milton Keynes Citybus (initially Milton Keynes City Bus) was formed in January 1986 to take over the Milton Keynes depot of United Counties. It was privatised on August 7, 1987[4] and introduced a policy of operating minibuses in an unusual two-tone grey livery. It took over a small independent, Johnson's of Haslope, in 1990 and initially retained this as a separate operation. Other brandings introduced in 1992 were County Line and Buckinghamshire Road Car; all were run with a mixture of full-size vehicles and minibuses.[5]
In November 1992 Milton Keynes Citybus was taken over by Cambus Holdings Ltd. The three offshoots were merged under the Road Car name, and the operation was expanded at the expense of the main company. New liveries were also introduced in 1993, with Citybus becoming red and cream and Road Car green and white. The company was officially renamed MK Metro in 1994, but this was not used as a fleet name.[5]
Cambus Holdings Ltd was acquired by Stagecoach Group in late 1995. An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading concluded that this had led to an unacceptable monopoly of bus operations in Cambridgeshire, Corby, East Northamptonshire, Kettering, Wellingborough, Bedford and Mid Bedfordshire.[6] Stagecoach was ordered to sell the Milton Keynes and Huntingdon operations to avoid the deal being referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. The OFT also stipulated that both depots must be sold to the same buyer.[7]
Milton Keynes Citybus was purchased on 2 May 1997 by bus entrepreneur Julian Peddle, using a new Premier Buses Ltd company both to operate in Huntingdon and as a holding company with which to purchase Milton Keynes Citybus.[8] The Milton Keynes operation was rebranded as MK Metro with a bright yellow and blue livery. Peddle was unable to fund new vehicles for both companies, and sold Premier to Blazefield in 1998.[7]
In the nine years that MK Metro was owned by Peddle ridership increased by 120% and the company became profitable. Between 1998 and 2003 passenger numbers rose by 63% following the introduction of new buses and ticketing schemes.[9] It became part of his Status Bus & Coach mini-group - an attempt to coordinate the resources of small independents to save money - at its formation in 1999, but the group proved largely unsuccessful and had broken up by 2004.[7]
In February 2006, the operations of MK Metro were purchased by Arriva for £5.6 million,[10] and operational control transferred to the Arriva Shires & Essex division. Peddle cited disagreement between authorities as a major factor in his decision to sell the company.[7][11] The purchase was considered by the Office of Fair Trading for possible referral to the Competition Commission, but it was decided not to do so.[12]
The Milton Keynes operation continued to use the MK Metro name until April 2010, when they were rebranded as Arriva Milton Keynes (temporarily using the brand name MK Star). The change of name coincided with a number of controversial service changes.[13] Some services were in fact improved in frequency as part of the rebranding but others were reduced or even eliminated, and some journey times were increased.[14]
Since bus deregulation in 1986 there have been some competing companies in Milton Keynes, although it has seen less competition than most cities. London-based R&I Tours began competing with Milton Keynes Citybus in 1992 using the trading name Inter MK. They operated 10 single-deck buses, mostly Leyland Nationals in a two-tone blue livery, on a small number of routes in the city.[15] They withdrew from the city in 1994[16] and were subsequently taken over by MTL.[17]
In November 2009 a new competing route 44 between Central Milton Keynes and Lakes Estate was launched by coach company On A Mission.[18] It was later extended across Milton Keynes to Wolverton, and also included a single school bus journey. However, the company collapsed on August 2, 2010 and the route no longer operates. The school bus journey is to be replaced by a tendered route.[19]
Another competing service is provided by Aylesbury-based independent Redline, who compete with Arriva on route 7 between Bletchley and Wolverton. Evening and Sunday services on this route are provided by two small operators based in Aylesbury, Red Rose Travel and Z&S International; both also operate a small number council contracted routes in the city. Dunstable-based Grant Palmer also operate contracted routes in the area.[18][20]
Long-distance services to Milton Keynes city centre are operated by Arriva Shires & Essex and Stagecoach East. Other long-distance services use Milton Keynes Coachway as an interchange point for the city.
Arriva Shires & Essex run routes 100 and 150 to Aylesbury at a combined frequency of half-hourly.[20] This pattern began in February 2009; prior to then only route 100 had operated over the entire length of the route, with an hourly frequency.[21] Prior to September 2007 the route had been numbered X15; in the 1980s this had operated as a through service between Reading and Northampton, and was run jointly by Luton & District and Bee Line. It was shortened to terminate at Milton Keynes in 1986, and the Aylesbury - Reading section was abandoned in 1994 following Bee Line's withdrawal from the route.[22]
Arriva Shires & Essex also operate hourly route 70, which links Milton Keynes to Luton via Leighton Buzzard and Dunstable.[20]
Stagecoach operate two express routes, two standard services and a dedicated rail link coach route into Milton Keynes. These are run by the Stagecoach in Bedford or Stagecoach in Northants divisions of what was previously United Counties Omnibus.
Route X5 links Oxford and Cambridge via Bicester, Buckingham, Milton Keynes, Bedford and St Neots. It serves both Central Milton Keynes and the Milton Keynes Coachway for onward connections to north-south services. The route was launched in September 1995 and uses the brand Cross Country. New coaches were introduced to the route in March 2009.[23]
Route X4, which is also branded as Cross Country, runs from Milton Keynes to Northampton, Wellingborough, Kettering, Corby and Peterborough.[20] It was introduced between Peterborough and Northampton in 2000,[24] with the extension to Milton Keynes introduced in 2004 to replace existing slower routes.[25]
In addition, Stagecoach operates route 89 from Northampton to Central Milton Keynes via Towcester, as well as route 40 to Bedford via Newport Pagnell and Bromham. Also, Stagecoach operates the VT99 shuttle service on behalf of Virgin Trains. It links Milton Keynes Central railway station with Luton railway station and Luton Airport and formerly used dedicated coaches in Virgin Trains livery.[26]
EasyBus, an intercity express coach operator founded by entrepreneur Stelios Haji-Ioannou, ran a service between Milton Keynes and London between August 2004 and February 2006 using 19-seat Mercedes-Benz mini-coaches. Tickets were predominantly sold over the internet. Its parent EasyGroup first announced its intention to operate no frills express services in 2003. In August 2004 EasyBus launched its first service, connecting London and Milton Keynes.[27] To keep costs down EasyBus originally used Hendon Central station in north London as its terminal point, with a journey time of 65 minutes and a single fare of £5.[27] The threat of competition forced National Express to offer its own discounted fares to and from London, culminating in the introduction of a £1 single fare between Milton Keynes and London which Stelios claimed was intended to make his service non-profitable and force its withdrawal.[28]
In Spring 2005 EasyBus changed its London terminus from Hendon to a more central location in Baker Street. The service to Milton Keynes was withdrawn in February 2006, although services from London to other destinations including Luton Airport continue to operate.[29]
Centrebus operate route X31 from Milton Keynes to Luton via Dunstable. The route operates three to four times per hour on the section between Luton and Dunstable, extending to Milton Keynes via Hockliffe once an hour. Other workings on the route extend to Hemel Hempstead or Toddington.[30]
Although some timetables now list the route as operating only between Luton and Hemel Hempstead[31], it has been confirmed by the company and Milton Keynes City Council that the service will continue to operate in full.[32]
Milton Keynes Coachway is the second busiest coach station in the United Kingdom.[33] It is situated on the eastern edge of Milton Keynes close to Junction 14 of the M1 Motorway on the A509 road. However, it is currently operating from a temporary site at nearby Silbury Boulevard in Campbell Park. A major rebuild project on the normal site is expected to be completed by mid 2010.
There has been a coach interchange at the junction of the M1 since at 1989.[34] Prior to its construction, most long-distance services had stops in the town centre, while a small number bypassed the town.[1] A planned re-development of the coachway and the neighbouring park and ride site was announced in 2006 and some preliminary work done.[35]
Plans for the new coachway were released in April 2008[36] and services were moved on a temporary basis to Silbury Boulevard. In March 2009 it was announced that work would be delayed with completion now expected in 'spring/summer 2010' due to higher than expected tender prices.[37] As of late September 2010, the building has been handed over to National Express and is due to open in December 2010.[38]
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